Types of migration
Force or involuntary migration
This simply means a decision taken by either government or people rather than the migrants to relocate to another area for a particular reason. Fellmann Fellmann et al cited examples on that thus, the removal of the 100, 000 American Indians from their homeland for the selfish interest of Europeans, the transfered of about 10 to 12 million Africans as slave to western Hemisphere, the forceful relocation of Soviet citizen from rural to urban centers to labor in Siberia Camps and among others.
They also identified reluctant migration. Its also called impelled or imposed migration - it implies that push factors such as war, hunger and other difficult conditions makes people to leave to another environment. For instance, the movement of 8 million Indonesian under aggressive governmental campaign from densely settle Java to Islands and territories of the country.
They observed that developed countries absorbed a significant number of the international migrants. Though, even in sub-Saharan Africa accommodates over 3 million refugees
Voluntary migration
This has to do with movement at migrants will. However, Fellmann et al regards this type as the major migratory movement reason being that poverty is the motivator to migration. People risk their lives in flight and unsafe boat following the illegal way to just get themselves in another environment that will better their economic life. They do that without even considering the consequences attached to the act. They categorized this act as involuntary but unforce.
CONTROLS ON MIGRATION
Migration is a social phenomenon that is controls by social and natural situation. For example, push factors that make people to migrate like famine, war, poverty, overcrowding among others. The opposite of push factor is pull factor - this motivate immigration of migrants they includes safety, food availability, better climate among others
Migrants undergo two processes before deciding on whether to migrate or not
(i) place utility- this is when a perspective migrant consider the benefit they will get for migrating to a particular place and also consider the disadvantages of moving to a place, at the same time comparing the two different migration location
(ii) spatial search- this involves a place where a propective migrant come to agreement regarding a place he or she is migrating to. Howevr, it is pertinent to note that the utility based on the past or expected future reward at various sites.
The Authors equally identified three transitional stages of migration such as;
(1) step migration - to mean a movement from rural to urban, farm to small town to suburb and to major central city.
(2) chain migration - this has to do with the migration of migrants from a common origin to a prepared destination. For instance, the migration of about 250 related families who come from a small town in Mumbai, India for trade. In addition, in Kaduna state we have a likes of that thus, ungwan Kadara, Ungwan Gwari, Ungwan Fulani among others.
(3) counter or return migration - this means the coming of the migrants to their place of origin. Fellmann et al posit that as many as 25% of all migrants will return to their place of origin.
The chatter of this book could not give details explanations of the different types of migration. The same thing with controls on migration. Furthermore, there is no vivid description of the topics. In contrast, the authors made it so easier for readers to understand forms of migration as well as controls on migration because of the appropriate presentation of relevant examples in the text. Even though, the authors were from geography background their explanations toned with sociology. Therefore, i will recommend this chapter of the book to sociology students who are interested in migration studies.
REFERENCES
Fellman, J., Bjelland, M. D., Getis, A., Getis, J. (2010). Human Geography; Landscape of Human Activities 11th (ed). New York: McGraw Hill Companies
Comments
Post a Comment